英语学术论文范文
夜上海论坛前言：我们精心挑选了数篇优质英语学术论文文章，供您阅读参考。期待这些文章能为您带来启发，助您在写作的道路上更上一层楼。
第1篇
>> 学术论文写作与批判性思维培养 论英语议论文写作与思辨能力培养 学术论文写作指导 论英语学术论文标题的写作 英语专业《学术论文写作》课程教学中的实用性原则 公安院校学术论文写作课程设置与教学方法 英语写作教学与学生思辨能力的培养 独立学院英语专业本科学生英语学术论文写作能力管窥 论文写作中的思辨能力培养 思维模式差异对英语学术论文写作的影响及对策 《教育课题研究与学术论文写作》作者邀请 浅论在读体育硕士生学术论文写作与发表 中医学术论文摘要的写作与翻译研究 英语学术论文中的学术词汇研究 英语学术论文中的学术词汇探讨 学术论文英文摘要写作解析 学术论文“结果与讨论”写作规范 浅谈学术论文摘要写作 编辑视野下的英文学术论文写作 城建档案学术论文写作研究 常见问题解答 当前所在位置：l， 2011/2/8.
夜上海论坛 [2] Dewey， John. How We Think[M]. New York： D. C. Heath and Company， 1933.
[3] Facione O’，P. 1990. California Critical Thinking Skills Test [ M] .Millbrae： The California Academic Press.
[4] Geertsen， H. Reed， Rethinking thinking about higher-level thinking [J]. Teaching Sociology， 2003（1）.
夜上海论坛 [5] Hughes，A. Testing for Language Teachers [M]. Cambridge： Cambridge University Press， 1989.
[6] 陈亚平，刘枫.英语学院2008级新生批判性思维能力调查 [J] .北外英文学刊，2010（1） .
[7] 高校外语专业教学指导委员会英语组.高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲（2000版）[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000.
夜上海论坛 [8] 何其莘，黄源深，秦秀白，陈建平.近三十年来我国高校英语专业教学回顾与展望[J].外语教学与研究，2008（6）.
夜上海论坛 [9] 胡文仲，孙有中.突出学科特点，加强人文教育――试论当前英语专业教学改革[ J].外语教学与研究，2006（5）.
夜上海论坛 [10] 胡文仲.英语专业“专”在哪里[J].外语界，2008（6）.
夜上海论坛 [11] 黄源深.英语专业课程必须彻底改革――再谈“思辨缺席”[J].中国外语，2010（1）.
[12] 李莉文.英语专业写作评测模式设计：以批判性思维能力培养为导向[J].外语与外语教学，2011（8）.
夜上海论坛 [13] 林崇德.思维心理学研究的几点回顾[J].北京师范大学学报（社会科学版），2006（5）.
[14] 罗仕国，秦艳，黄宗杰，梁叶丽，孙莉莉.关于本科生批判性思维能力的调查与讨论[J].广西教育，2009（3）.
夜上海论坛 [15] 入世与外语专业教育课题组.关于高等外语专业教育体制与教学模式改革的几点思考（一）[J].外语界，2001（5）.
夜上海论坛 [16] 孙有中.突出思辨能力培养，将英语专业教学改革引向深入[J].中国外语，2011（8）.
[17] 文秋芳，周燕.评述外语专业学生思维能力的发展[J].外语学刊，2006（5）.
第2篇
夜上海论坛 关键词：商务英语；体裁分析；学术论文
夜上海论坛 Abstract：Business English major belongs to English for Especial Purpose，which leads to new development in terms of English discipline.At present，the academic study of BE has been a focus for ESP.As a result，more and more BE research papers have emerged.This paper aims to discuss the introduction of BE research paper based on Genre Analysis，which may provide some enlightenments for BE academic writing..
Key words： Business English；Genre analysis；academic paper
夜上海论坛 中图分类号：H315文献标识码：A文章编号：1006-026X（2013）12-0000-03
1.引言
夜上海论坛 随着国内外学术交流的不断深入，对于学术论文写作和交流能力的要求也相应地提高。学术科研论文写作作为各种科研学术交流的主要形式已经成为学术交流的必备应用能力。学术论文具有高度的“规约性”，其属于赋有特定目的的交际事件类型，因此一般遵循约定俗成的惯例，而引言是学术论文的第一部分，具有可辨认的语步模式。根据Swales的观点，他采取“语步”（move）和“步骤”（step）来研究学术论文的引言，进而创建了CARS模式。CARS即 Create A Research Space，意为建立学术研究空间，这一模式表明学术论文引言作为一类体裁，体现了“建立学术研究空间”的交际目的。
基于体裁分析法的商务英语学术论文引言研究是本文关注的焦点，因为学术论文的引言部分对于整篇文章的构建具有提纲挈领的作用，通过引言的介绍，整个语篇的宏观结构及典型的交际目的便非常清晰，因此，就学术论文体裁的特征结合商务语言的特定交际目标，商务英语学术论文引言的体裁分析对这类文章的语用策略指导具有一定积极意义。本文基于体裁分析方法讨论商务英语学术论文引言的建构，以期能够挖掘商务英语学术论文引言语境的确定，模式的建立和语步分析的结构潜势。
2.相关研究综述
夜上海论坛 体裁分析理论最早是与文学研究密切相关的，之后由人种学家引入语言学领域（Swales，1990，p34）。经过二三十年的发展，而今，语言学家们就体裁概念的界定而言，有两个主要学派即：以斯维尔斯和巴蒂亚为代表的ESP学派（Swalesian ESP School）和以马丁为代表的澳大利亚学派（Australian School）。 John M.Swales的观点是“体裁是指包括具有共同交际目的的一组交际事件”（Swales，1990，p58）；而深受韩礼德影响的澳大利亚学派则认为“体裁是一种有步骤，有目的的活动类型，其数量和社会行为的数量一致”。上世纪末，秦秀白教授对巴蒂亚的定义作过比较详尽的总结，包括以下4个方面：（1）体裁是一种可辨认的交际事件；（2）体裁是不一般的交际事件；（3）在建构语篇时，我们必须遵循某种特定体裁所要求的惯例；（4）尽管体裁有其惯例和制约性，内行人仍可在体裁的框架内传达个人的意图或交际目的。因此，我们可以看出各个学派在定义上存在差异，但本质是一致的：
（1） 体裁是对交际事件的一种分类；
（2） 交际事件的分类标准由语篇的内部结构特征和约定俗称的交际目的两个方面决定；
（3） 体裁具有常规性和制约性，语篇内容和形式需要遵循体裁要求；
（4） 同一体裁下的不同语篇存在差异。
夜上海论坛 ESP学派的代表人物斯维尔斯和巴蒂亚是把语步（move）和（step）作为语篇分析的出发点，以学术和职业语篇为分析对象，总结归纳出特定体裁的基本语步和步骤。例如：斯维尔斯（1990）总结了学术论文中引言，研究方法，结论各部分的话步和步骤，这就为高级写作和学术英语的教学等实际应用环境提供了一个理论框架。专门用途英语研究方法也都把体裁视为一种社会活动，认为体裁可能随着交际需要的变化而变化和发展。而本文所讨论的商务英语学术语篇也正是基于这一学派的理论框架进行分析与演绎，并借助语料库的思路预期这类型文章引言写作实践的谋篇布局。
3.研究设计
3.1 研究问题
本研究集中讨论商务英语学术语篇是否具有可辨认且固定的语步？这对同类型文章的引言写作有何意义？
夜上海论坛 3.2 研究方法及设计
众所周知，有关商务英语的学术期刊并不很多，事实上这在一定程度上也制约了这方面的研究，因此本文所分析的100篇文章主要从来源上分为2个部分：其中60篇选自于《中国ESP研究》，《商务外语研究》和《全国国际商务英语研讨会论文集》3类与商务英语专业密切相关的期刊及会议。目前，对外经济贸易大学在商务英语研究领域独占鳌头，由其主办的期刊可以被看作是国内这一学科发展最新，最全面且最专业的水平。而全国国际商务英语研讨会则是在商务英语学科不断发展前进的见证者，因此，选自于以上期刊及会议的60篇文章可以被视作发表于专业类期刊及会议的商务英语学术语篇，其余40篇选自于中国知网最新的以商务英语为题的学术论文。这些文章的选取旨在能够多渠道的采样文本，具备广泛性。本研究依据斯维尔斯的学术语篇引言分析的理论框架对所选取的篇章进行了语步分析及频率统计，并根据数据讨论给出了研究结果分析与说明。
4.结果与讨论
4.1语步分析
商务英语学术论文引言部分的体裁结构特征：
斯维尔斯的体裁理论为体裁分析提供了基本框架，并强调交际目的的关键作用。他首先着重研究了学术研究论文的引言部分，提出了“创建研究空间”分析模式，并对引言部分进行了语步分析：首先，建立研究范围；其次，建立研究地位；再次，占据研究地位。论文引言的语步模式、专业类期刊商英论文引言特征及专业类各语步统计频率分别如表1、表2、表3所示；表4、表5分别给出了非专业类期刊文章语步模式和非专业类各语步统计频率。
表1非常详细的列出了斯维尔斯关于学术论文引言语步的模式建构，共3个Move，每个语步下面细化为具体的步骤层次，但当这个语步分析应用到实际刊发的商务英语学术论文时就发现，这类文章的作者并不是严格按照语步顺序撰写文章，即使出现循环的步骤，只要满足写作需求都可以实行。这一点在下面语步统计的具体数据中得到了证实。表3专业类各语步统计频率中，例如摘自《中国ESP研究》中的文章，论文引言中虽然也出现了3个Move（语步），并且第一个Move中的3个Step与斯维尔斯的完全重合，但是当引言分析进行到第二个Move时，发现传统的学术论文引言中所包涵的4个步骤缩减为2个，第三个Move中的4个Step也只出现了其中2个。由此可见，学术论文的严谨逻辑是3个语步大框架所承载的，丰富的步骤推进会让文章的交际功能获得衔接链条的集约化，但是省略其中的一些具体步骤也并没有影响到语篇所应完成的交际目的，因而，对于专业类期刊中商务英语学术论文引言的分析可知，这部分写作的基本架构是3个宏观语步分别是Move 1：确定研究范围；Move 2：提出研究具体问题；Move 3：介绍自己在研究的具体问题上所作出的贡献（研究成果），当这3步确立之后，引言部分的语篇功能已经建立，具体步骤的参与例如表2，表3中的各个步骤实施顺序使得商务英语学术论文引言的这类交际事件类型完整而严密。这也说明，学术论文引言这类语言体裁，是有一定的，相对固定的典型的整体建构形式，体裁组织着功能语体，并且这些体裁不仅有语体的共性，还具有各自不同的语言使用特点和语言组织特点。从以上的表4和表5统计的频率可知，这些发表在中国知网非商务英语专业类期刊的学术论文的引言部分的Move1和Move3也基本符合斯维尔斯的提出的“创建研究空间”语步模式，但Move3中的step4在只有很少一部分文章直接在引言部分指出了文章的结构，这主要是由于各类期刊或文章篇幅的要求不一致，因为非专业类期刊所发表的商务英语学术语篇对文章引言的逻辑安排并不作要求，毕竟这些期刊所刊发的是各学科各门类文章，因而更加注重论文内容的创新及结论的时效性。另外，CARS模式的Move2中的：step1：对前人的研究成果提出质疑（Counter-claiming）；step2：指处其不足之处（Indicating a gap）基本都没有出现在引言中，可见我国论文作者对Move2即提出研究的具体问题（Establishing a niche）这一步骤的写作习惯倾向于注重step3和step4的提出问题与继续研究这两个语步。总之在非商务英语专业类型的期刊上所发表的文章中，语步统计频率表基本呈现出了学术论文的引言步骤，但商务英语语篇的学术结合商务专业的特征并不明显，而且并未涉及CARS模式的全部步骤。但是Move1与Move3：确定研究范围（Establishing a territory）和 Move3 的概括研究目的（Occupying the Niche）的各个步骤基本在绝大多数的文章都得到了谋篇布局时的重点陈述。这证明了斯维尔斯的学术论文语步模式是广泛，通用及规约性的，它对商务英语学术论文引言的建构是有指导意义的，当然由于文章内容和交际目的的异同，当作者在应对不同的征稿意见及个人特定的写作习惯时，引言中的各个语步有所变动。就这点而言，无论是商务英语专业类抑或是非商务英语专业类期刊中的文章在引言写作中都没有差别。
5.结语
中国的贸易发展是有目共睹的，商务英语的学科建设是时展的客观要求。但只局限于模仿通用英语的教学与
夜上海论坛 研究方式是无法与现实的需求接轨的，因此，商务英语必须建立本学科实践特有的并且可循环的认知模式，而这就一定要在理论上得到基础层面的支持。商务英语学术科研的发展从根本上制约着此类人才的培养，商英学术论文正是承担这类科研的载体，本文所讨论的商务英语学术论文引言就是试图以体裁分析的方法探索这类新兴学科的学术论文的结构潜势，体裁的双重性即商务交际性及学术交际性使得这类特定的语篇在引言部分充分体现出了学术体裁的语步建构，全文的分析以期能够通过体裁的分析方式提高商英学术论文引言的框架指导，进而推动商务英语学术论文写作的更多的探究与研讨。
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夜上海论坛 [6]韩金龙，秦秀白.体裁分析与体裁教学[J].外语界，2000，（1）：11-18.
夜上海论坛 [7]鞠玉梅.体裁分析与英汉学术论文摘要语篇[J].外语教学，2004（2）：32-36.
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第3篇
1. In this paper, we focus on the need for
2. This paper proceeds as follow.
夜上海论坛 3. The structure of the paper is as follows.
夜上海论坛 4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts
夜上海论坛 5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the
夜上海论坛 Introduction
1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.
夜上海论坛 2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.
3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.
Review
1. This review is followed by an introduction.
2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.
3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given.
4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...
5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.
6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.
Body
夜上海论坛 1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.
2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.
夜上海论坛 3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx
4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.
5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window
夜上海论坛 6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...
7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.
夜上海论坛 8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.
夜上海论坛 9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.
10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.
夜上海论坛 11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules
夜上海论坛 12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.
夜上海论坛 13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.
夜上海论坛 14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.
15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.
16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.
17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.
18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.
19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..
夜上海论坛 20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.
21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.
22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.
夜上海论坛 23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system
夜上海论坛 24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy.
25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.
26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.
夜上海论坛 27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...This Section
1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.
2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section
夜上海论坛 2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.
3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.
4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.
5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.
夜上海论坛 6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx
夜上海论坛 Summary
1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.
2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.
3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.
夜上海论坛 4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.
5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized
夜上海论坛 6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.
7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.
夜上海论坛 Chapter 0. Abstract
1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.
夜上海论坛 2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.
3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.
4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.
夜上海论坛 5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.
6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.
7. The usefulness of xx is also considered.
8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.
9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.
夜上海论坛 10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.
11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.
夜上海论坛 12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.
夜上海论坛 13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.
14. This paper analyses problems in
15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...
16. This paper includes an illustration of the ...
夜上海论坛 17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching
18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.
夜上海论坛 19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx
20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.
21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx
22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.
夜上海论坛 23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure
夜上海论坛 Chapter 1. Introduction
Time
夜上海论坛 1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive
夜上海论坛 2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world
夜上海论坛 3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the
夜上海论坛 4. The development of ... is explored
5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions
夜上海论坛 6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years
7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...
8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...
9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.
夜上海论坛 10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx
11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method
has yet to be developed.
夜上海论坛 12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].
夜上海论坛 13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.
夜上海论坛 Objective / Goal / Purpose
1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:
2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.
夜上海论坛 3. The paper concerns the development of a xx
4. The scope of this research lies in
夜上海论坛 5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.
夜上海论坛 6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...
7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:
夜上海论坛 8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of
9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide
10. The main objective of such a ... system is to
11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.
12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:
夜上海论坛 13. In order to take advantage of their similarity
14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed
夜上海论坛 15. In this trial, the objective is to generate...
16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues
夜上海论坛 17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.
18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.
19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods
20. This illustration points out the need to specify
夜上海论坛 21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.
22. Chapter 2. Literature Review
23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx
24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade
25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.
夜上海论坛 26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning
夜上海论坛 27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.
夜上海论坛 28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in
夜上海论坛 methodological aspects as in concrete applications.
29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.
夜上海论坛 30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.
夜上海论坛 31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of
32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.
33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.
夜上海论坛 34. The central issue in all these studies is to
35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.
36. Applied ... techniques to
37. Characterized the ... system as
夜上海论坛 38. Developed an algorithm to
39. Developed a system called ... which
40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce
夜上海论坛 41. Emphasized the need to
42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology
夜上海论坛 43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken
44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed
夜上海论坛 45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/
Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights
夜上海论坛 46. Point out that the problem of
47. A study on ...was done / developed by []
48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with
49. The approach taken by [] is
50. The system developed by [] consists
51. A paper relevant to this research was published by []
夜上海论坛 52. []'s model requires consideration of...
夜上海论坛 53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development
夜上海论坛 54. []'s model focuses on...
55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to
56. The published information that is relevant to this research...
57. This study further shows that
58. Their work is based on the principle of
59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].
60. Studies have been completed to established
61. The ...studies indicated that
62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.
Problem / Issue / Question
63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.
夜上海论坛 64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems
夜上海论坛 67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved
68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed
69. An unanswered question
夜上海论坛 70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.
71. An additional research issue to be tackled is ....
夜上海论坛 72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed
73. The three prime issues can be summarized:
74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...
75. There have been many attempts to
